Basic Commands - Revision history

Kangtain: /* dnf Command */

2023-02-02T13:50:02Z

dnf Command

Kangtain: Kangtain moved page Linux/Basic Commands to Basic Commands

2022-11-19T03:37:27Z

Kangtain moved page Linux/Basic Commands to Basic Commands

← Older revision	Revision as of 10:37, 19 November 2022
(No difference)

Kangtain: /* Source */

2022-11-19T03:37:01Z

Source

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:37, 19 November 2022
Line 489:		Line 489:
	*[https://linuxopsys.com/topics/basic-linux-commands linuxopsys.com]		*[https://linuxopsys.com/topics/basic-linux-commands linuxopsys.com]

	~~{{DISPLAYTITLE:Linux Basic Commands}}~~
	[[Category:Linux]]		[[Category:Linux]]
	[[Category:Tutorial]]		[[Category:Tutorial]]

Kangtain: /* clear command */

2022-11-05T11:42:10Z

clear command

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:42, 5 November 2022
Line 490:		Line 490:

	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Linux Basic Commands}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:Linux Basic Commands}}
			[[Category:Linux]]
			[[Category:Tutorial]]

Kangtain: /* touch Command */

2022-11-05T11:40:54Z

touch Command

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:40, 5 November 2022
Line 250:		Line 250:
	Use the <code>touch</code> command to create an empty file on your Linux computer, or to modify the timestamp of a file. The primary function of this command is to update file timestamps, but it is most commonly used to create a file. The touch command can update access and modification timestamps of the specified file, and create the file if it does not already exist.		Use the <code>touch</code> command to create an empty file on your Linux computer, or to modify the timestamp of a file. The primary function of this command is to update file timestamps, but it is most commonly used to create a file. The touch command can update access and modification timestamps of the specified file, and create the file if it does not already exist.

	To create a new empty file named install.doc, type:		To create a new empty file named install.doc, type:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	touch install.doc		touch install.doc
			</syntaxhighlight>In this example, the modification time of the file updates.txt is updated to the current time.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
			touch -m updates.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>

	~~In this example,~~ the ~~modification time~~ of the ~~file updates~~.~~txt is updated~~ to ~~the current time.~~		==''zip'' and ''unzip'' Command==
	~~touch -m updates~~.~~txt~~		Use the <code>zip</code> command-line utility to create an archive of files, and the <code>unzip</code> command for uncompressing a <code>zip</code> archive. The <code>zip</code> command can also be used to modify a zip archive.

	==zip ~~and unzip Command==~~		To create a zip archive named <code>users.zip</code> from the specified files:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	~~Use the~~ <code>zip</code> ~~command-line utility to create an archive~~ of ~~files, and~~ the ~~unzip command for uncompressing a~~ zip archive~~. The~~ <~~code~~>zip</~~code~~> ~~command can also be used to modify a zip archive.~~		zip users.zip output.txt install.doc newfiles.txt updates.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>To extract the contents of the users.zip archive to the current directory: <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
			unzip users.zip
			</syntaxhighlight>

	~~To create a zip archive named <code>users.zip</code> from the specified files:~~		==''tar'' Command==
	~~zip users.zip output.txt install.doc newfiles.txt updates.txt~~

	~~To extract the contents of the users.zip archive to the current directory:~~
	~~unzip users.zip~~

	==tar Command==
	Use the <code>tar</code> command to create a compressed or uncompressed archive of specified files. You can also use this command to modify, maintain, or extract tar archives. Tar archives can combine multiple files or directories into a single file.		Use the <code>tar</code> command to create a compressed or uncompressed archive of specified files. You can also use this command to modify, maintain, or extract tar archives. Tar archives can combine multiple files or directories into a single file.

Line 274:		Line 274:
	*<code>-t</code> displays files in an archive.		*<code>-t</code> displays files in an archive.

	To create an uncompressed archive file named users.tar of the specified files.		To create an uncompressed archive file named users.tar of the specified files.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	tar cf users.tar updates.txt newfiles.txt		tar cf users.tar updates.txt newfiles.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>

	==ln Command==		==''ln'' Command==
	Use the <code>ln</code> command for creating hard and soft links to existing files or directories. By default, this command creates hard links. Specify the -s option to create symbolic or soft links.		Use the <code>ln</code> command for creating hard and soft links to existing files or directories. By default, this command creates hard links. Specify the -s option to create symbolic or soft links.

	To create a symbolic link from the updates.txt file to the newitems.txt file:		To create a symbolic link from the updates.txt file to the newitems.txt file:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	ln -s updates.txt newitems.txt		ln -s updates.txt newitems.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>Here we can see the symlink that we created in the previous example:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	Here we can see the symlink that we created in the previous example:		ls -l newitems.txt
	ls -l newitems.txt		lrwxrwxrwx 1 linuxopsys linuxopsys 11 Apr 14 13:53 newitems.txt -> updates.txt
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 linuxopsys linuxopsys 11 Apr 14 13:53 newitems.txt -> updates.txt		</syntaxhighlight>

	==sudo Command==		==''sudo'' Command==
	Use the <code>sudo</code> command to execute commands as root or another Linux user, as specified in your security policy. This command allows you to execute commands that otherwise require a root password.		Use the <code>sudo</code> command to execute commands as root or another Linux user, as specified in your security policy. This command allows you to execute commands that otherwise require a root password.

	Specify the command that requires root permissions after the sudo command. To run the useradd command as sudo to create a new user named bob:		Specify the command that requires root permissions after the sudo command. To run the useradd command as sudo to create a new user named bob:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	$ sudo useradd bob		$ sudo useradd bob
			</syntaxhighlight>

	==apt Command==		==''apt'' Command==
	Use the <code>apt</code> (''stands for advanced package tool'') command to install, update, or delete packages on [[Ubuntu]] and [[Debian]] [[Linux]] distributions.		Use the <code>apt</code> (''stands for advanced package tool'') command to install, update, or delete packages on [[Ubuntu]] and [[Debian]] [[Linux]] distributions.

	Some of the most commonly used apt commands are apt update, apt upgrade, apt install, apt remove, apt list, and apt search.		Some of the most commonly used apt commands are apt update, apt upgrade, apt install, apt remove, apt list, and apt search.

	To update the package index by pulling the latest updates from the APT repository:		To update the package index by pulling the latest updates from the APT repository:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	sudo apt update		sudo apt update
			</syntaxhighlight>To install the latest updates to all Linux packages:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	To install the latest updates to all Linux packages:		sudo apt upgrade
	sudo apt upgrade		</syntaxhighlight>Let's use apt command to install a package. To install the htop application, type:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
			sudo apt install htop
			</syntaxhighlight>

	~~Let's use apt command to install a package. To install the htop application, type:~~		==''dnf'' Command==
	~~sudo apt install htop~~

	==dnf Command==
	'''DNF''' is a software package manager and is the successor to YUM (Yellow-Dog Updater Modified). Use the dnf (stand for dandified yum) command to install, update, or delete packages on Red Hat-based Linux distributions.		'''DNF''' is a software package manager and is the successor to YUM (Yellow-Dog Updater Modified). Use the dnf (stand for dandified yum) command to install, update, or delete packages on Red Hat-based Linux distributions.

	To install the latest updates to all Red Hat Linux packages:		To install the latest updates to all [[Red Hat]] [[Linux]] packages:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	sudo dnf upgrade		sudo dnf upgrade
			</syntaxhighlight>To remove the package epel-release:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
	To remove the package epel-release:		sudo dnf remove epel-release
	sudo dnf remove epel-release		</syntaxhighlight>

	==useradd Command==		==useradd Command==

Kangtain: /* mv Command */

2022-09-12T11:16:02Z

mv Command

Show changes

Kangtain: /* Source */

2022-09-04T05:39:23Z

Source

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:39, 4 September 2022
Line 451:		Line 451:
	==Source==		==Source==
	*[https://linuxopsys.com/topics/basic-linux-commands linuxopsys.com]		*[https://linuxopsys.com/topics/basic-linux-commands linuxopsys.com]

			{{DISPLAYTITLE:Linux Basic Commands}}

Kangtain: Kangtain moved page Linux:Basic Commands to Linux/Basic Commands

2022-09-04T05:38:35Z

Kangtain moved page Linux:Basic Commands to Linux/Basic Commands

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:38, 4 September 2022
(No difference)

Kangtain: /* df Command */

2022-08-27T02:36:38Z

df Command

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 27 August 2022
Line 66:		Line 66:
	Check disk usage information of a particular file system, type:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">		Check disk usage information of a particular file system, type:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	df /dev/sda5		df /dev/sda5
	</syntaxhighlight>'''Output'''		</syntaxhighlight>'''Output'''<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on		Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
			/dev/sda5 124595628 40714508 77505800 35% /
	/dev/sda5 ~~40503552 9132528 29283856~~ 24% /

	Here, <code>/dev/sda5</code> has a total size of 40503552, the used size is 9132528, and the available size is 29283856. The file system has used 24% of the total allocated space and it is mounted on <code>/</code>.		</syntaxhighlight>Here, <code>/dev/sda5</code> has a total size of 40503552, the used size is 9132528, and the available size is 29283856. The file system has used 24% of the total allocated space and it is mounted on <code>/</code>.

	==du Command==		==''du'' Command==
	Use the du (stands for disk usage) command to gain disk usage information of a particular file or directory on your Linux computer. By default, the du command displays disk usage information in the number of blocks used by a file. Use the -h option with this command to display output in a human-readable format.		Use the <code>du</code> ''(stands for disk usage)'' command to gain disk usage information of a particular file or directory on your [[Linux]] [[Komputer\|computer]]. By default, the du command displays disk usage information in the number of blocks used by a file. Use the <code>-h</code> option with this command to display output in a human-readable format.

	Specify the file name or directory name to display its disk usage.		Specify the file name or directory name to display its disk usage.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell" line="1">
			du -h /var/log/apache/access.log
			du -h /var/log
			</syntaxhighlight>

	~~du -h /var/log/apache/access.log~~		==''cp'' Command==

	~~du -h /var/log~~

	==cp Command==
	The <code>cp</code> command is used to copy files and directories from the source directory to another location. By default, it copies only the given file or directory, but you can use the <code>-r</code> option to copy a directory along with its subdirectories.		The <code>cp</code> command is used to copy files and directories from the source directory to another location. By default, it copies only the given file or directory, but you can use the <code>-r</code> option to copy a directory along with its subdirectories.

	The following command copy the file <code>users.txt</code> from the current working directory to the <code>Documents/records</code> directory.		The following command copy the file <code>users.txt</code> from the current working directory to the <code>Documents/records</code> directory.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	cp users.txt Documents/records/		cp users.txt Documents/records/
			</syntaxhighlight>To create a copy of the file <code>file2.txt</code> with the name <code>file2_backup.txt</code> in your current working directory.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	To create a copy of the file <code>file2.txt</code> with the name <code>file2_backup.txt</code> in your current working directory.		cp file2.txt file2_backup.txt
	cp file2.txt file2_backup.txt		</syntaxhighlight>

	~~==mv Command==~~
	~~Use the mv (stands for move) command to move files or directories from the source to the destination directory. It can be used to rename a file~~/~~directory.~~

	~~The following~~ mv ~~command moves~~ the <code>~~users.txt~~</code> ~~file~~ to the ~~<code>Documents/records<~~/~~code>~~ directory.		==''mv'' Command==
	~~mv users.txt Documents/records~~		Use the <code>mv</code> ''(stands for move)'' command to move files or directories from the source to the destination directory. It can be used to rename a file/directory.

	To rename the employees.txt file to <code>users.txt</code>:		The following <code>mv</code> command moves the <code>users.txt</code> file to the <code>Documents/records</code> directory.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	mv employees.txt users.txt		mv users.txt Documents/records
			</syntaxhighlight>To rename the employees.txt file to <code>users.txt</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
			mv employees.txt users.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>

	==rm Command==		==rm Command==

Kangtain at 02:29, 27 August 2022

2022-08-27T02:29:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:29, 27 August 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	==ls Command==		==''ls'' Command==
	<code>ls</code> is one of the most frequently used basic command in Linux. The ls command-line utility is used to list files and directories that exist inside a directory.		<code>ls</code> is one of the most frequently used basic command in [[Linux]]. The ls command-line utility is used to list files and directories that exist inside a directory.

	By default, when used without any options, ls lists only the contents of the current directory in alphabetical order without any additional information.		By default, when used without any options, ls lists only the contents of the current directory in alphabetical order without any additional information.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
			ls
	ls		</syntaxhighlight>Type ls <code>/home/bob/Project</code> to see the contents of the directory Project.

	Type ls <code>/home/bob/Project</code> to see the contents of the directory Project.

	You can use options with the ls command for variation in results:		You can use options with the ls command for variation in results:
Line 14:		Line 12:
	*<code>ls -ltr</code> list file names in the last modification time in reverse order.		*<code>ls -ltr</code> list file names in the last modification time in reverse order.

	The output of ls -al		The output of <code>ls -al</code><syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	-rw-r--r-- 1 bob developers 281 Apr 1 2020 /source/project/learn.py		-rw-r--r-- 1 bob developers 281 Apr 1 2020 /source/project/learn.py
			</syntaxhighlight>The owner (ie bob) has read and write permissions, other members of the group have read permissions, and the rest of the world has read permissions on the file. The file is owned by the user named bob and belongs to the developers group. The total size of the file is 281 bytes.

	The owner (ie bob) has read and write permissions, other members of the group have read permissions, and the rest of the world has read permissions on the file. The file is owned by the user named bob and belongs to the developers group. The total size of the file is 281 bytes.		==''cd'' Command==

	==cd Command==
	<code>cd</code> stands for change directory, which is used to change the current working directory. The cd command is used to navigate through [[Linux]] files and directories. You need to specify either the full path of the target directory or the directory name you want to change to.		<code>cd</code> stands for change directory, which is used to change the current working directory. The cd command is used to navigate through [[Linux]] files and directories. You need to specify either the full path of the target directory or the directory name you want to change to.

	If you are in the <code>/home/bob/Documents</code> directory and need to go to the Photos subdirectory, then type:		If you are in the <code>/home/bob/Documents</code> directory and need to go to the Photos subdirectory, then type:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	cd Photos		cd Photos
			</syntaxhighlight>Use the absolute path to change directory, change to <code>/home/bob/Pictures</code> directory:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	Use the absolute path to change directory, change to <code>/home/bob/Pictures</code> directory:		cd /home/bob/Pictures
	cd /home/bob/Pictures		</syntaxhighlight>Some shortcuts that you can use for easy navigation:

	Some shortcuts that you can use for easy navigation:

	*<code>cd ..</code> moves one directory up.		*<code>cd ..</code> moves one directory up.
Line 34:		Line 29:
	<code>cd -</code> switch to the parent directory		<code>cd -</code> switch to the parent directory

	==mkdir Command==		==''mkdir'' Command==
	The mkdir stands for make directory. The mkdir command is used to create a new directory in Linux.		The <code>mkdir</code> stands for make directory. The <code>mkdir</code> command is used to create a new directory in [[Linux]].

	~~When you type mkdir Pop, it will create a directory named Pop in the current directory. Whereas, the following Linux command will create a directory named Source inside the Documents directory:~~
	~~mkdir Documents/Source~~

	Use <code>-p</code> option to create the entire directory structure. For example to create a directory 2020 and its sub-directory Source in the existing Documents directory, type:		When you type mkdir Pop, it will create a directory named Pop in the current directory. Whereas, the following Linux command will create a directory named Source inside the Documents directory:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	mkdir -p Documents/2020/Source		mkdir Documents/Source
			</syntaxhighlight>Use <code>-p</code> option to create the entire directory structure. For example to create a directory <code>2020</code> and its sub-directory Source in the existing <code>Documents</code> directory, type:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
			mkdir -p Documents/2020/Source
			</syntaxhighlight>

	==cat Command==		==''cat'' Command==
	The cat stands for concatenate. It is one of the basic command in the Linux operating system. The cat command is used to concatenate files, view the content of a file, create a new file, or redirect output in files.		The <code>cat</code> stands for concatenate. It is one of the basic command in the [[Linux]] operating system. The cat command is used to concatenate files, view the content of a file, create a new file, or redirect output in files.

	Type cat command followed by a file name to see the contents of the file.		Type cat command followed by a file name to see the contents of the file.<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	cat users.txt		cat users.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>The cat command can also be used to perform some advanced operations, such as:

	The cat ~~command can also be used~~ to ~~perform some advanced operations~~, ~~such as~~:		To create a new file named <code>file1.txt</code>, type:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
			cat > file1.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>The existing contents of the <code>department.txt</code> file will be overwritten by the contents of <code>users.txt</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
			cat users.txt > department.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>To convert the content of file <code>users.txt</code> from lowercase to uppercase and store it in <code>output.txt</code>, use the following command:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
			cat users.txt \| tr a-z A-Z > output.txt
			</syntaxhighlight>

	~~To create a new file named <code>file1.txt</code>, type:~~		==''df'' Command==
	~~cat > file1.txt~~

	~~The existing contents of the department.txt file will be overwritten by the contents of users.txt:~~
	~~cat users.txt > department.txt~~

	~~To convert the content of file users.txt from lowercase to uppercase and store it in output.txt, use the following command:~~
	~~cat users.txt \| tr a-z A-Z > output.txt~~

	==df Command==
	The df stands for disk filesystem. It is used to get a complete summary of used and available disk space of the file system in your [[Linux]] computer.		The df stands for disk filesystem. It is used to get a complete summary of used and available disk space of the file system in your [[Linux]] computer.

	Options can be used with the df command to get variations in the output such as:		Options can be used with the <code>df</code> command to get variations in the output such as:

	*<code>-a</code> displays all file systems.		*<code>-a</code> displays all file systems.
Line 71:		Line 64:
	*<code>-g</code> displays output in gibibyte (GiB).		*<code>-g</code> displays output in gibibyte (GiB).

	Check disk usage information of a particular file system, type:		Check disk usage information of a particular file system, type:<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">
	df /dev/sda5		df /dev/sda5
			</syntaxhighlight>'''Output'''
	'''Output'''
	Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on		Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on